BEFORE the pandemic devastation, as President Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos Jr. said in his inaugural address, the Philippines was still “the fastest-growing economy in Asean.” While fostering confidence in the post-pandemic economy, he is painfully cognizant of the new and divisive international landscape.

“We seek friendship with all,” Marcos stated. “But countries like ours will bear the brunt of [the war abroad]. And if the great powers draw the wrong lessons from the ongoing tragedy in Ukraine, the same dark prospect of conflict will spread to our part of the world.”

The new status quo comes with great risks but also with some opportunities as rich countries in the West need to participate in the growth of large emerging economies, such as the Philippines.

Nevertheless, today, the global landscape is more dangerous than ever before since World War 2.

Legacy of decade of huge policy mistakes

The postwar wave of globalization benefited mainly the advanced economies. It was only after 1980 that some large developing countries, particularly China, broke into world markets for manufactured goods and services, while also attracting foreign capital. This era of globalization eclipsed with the global recession in 2008.

As the G20 cooperation subsequently dimmed, so did global growth prospects, too.

Between November 2008 and 2016, global imbalances steadily worsened as a result of increasing trade discrimination. It was only in 2017 that there were some signs of trade recovery.

Yet, that historical opportunity was missed with the US trade wars, followed by waves of Covid-19 pandemic, the consequent global depression and nascent Cold Wars.

Global economic integration is often measured by world trade, investment and migration, although technology and finance could be added to the list.

The net effect of the past decade? Plunging trade and investment, slowing migration and explosion of global displacement.

Falling world trade

In particular, the fleeting gains of the US-Sino trade truce were derailed by the global pandemic that caused both services and goods trade to contract by 30 percent in mid-2020. Subsequent gains have been penalized by new waves of pandemic variants and the worsening international economic landscape.

Last year, the World Trade Organization anticipated global merchandise trade volume to grow by 10.8 percent, followed by a 4.7-percent rise in 2022. But these projections were unlikely to materialize even before the Ukrainian crisis.

Progress since the plunge of 2008 has been largely reversed. Trade as a percentage of world GDP has fallen back to the level where it was over 15 years ago. Geopolitics derailed the potential for global recovery well before the pandemic, due to protectionism and new Cold Wars, compounded by the Russia sanctions.

Plunging world investment

Before the 2008 global crisis, world investment soared to almost $2 trillion. But the hoped-for rebound proved a pipe dream due to the tariff wars and the pandemic. Highincome economies play a critical role in world inward investment flows. Yet, even before the Ukrainian crisis, world investment had plunged to a level which was first reached already in the late 1990s.

In 2020, global flows of FDI fell by one-third to $1 trillion. That’s

below the low of the 2008 crisis and half of world investment in 2007. Decades of progress have been reversed in just a few years.

In the process, the poorest economies have been hurt the most. And that pain is only about to begin.

Slower migration

Over the last two decades, the number of international migrants has climbed to 281 million people. Yet, global migration has been slowing since 2008, particularly in advanced economies. Due to the pandemic, the stock of international migrants has increased only by 2 million, a fourth less than expected by mid-2020.

Let’s put these figures in historical context.

Between 1870 and 1914, some 10 percent of the world population migrated in search of a better life. While the absolute number of international migrants has over tripled in the past half century, their relative share stayed below 2 percent until 2010 and is today 3.6 percent of world population; a third of what it was a century ago.

Explosion of global displacement

And as migration flows decelerate or are being blocked, the number of globally displaced has exploded, compounded by the post-9/11 wars and external interventions since the Arab Spring, which the West initially saw as the prelude to “democratization” in the Middle East, a bit like the devastated Ukraine today.

As a net effect, the number of forcibly displaced has more than doubled in the past decade. The Ukraine crisis alone is projected to internally displace up to 6.7 million people and 4 million displaced abroad.

Despite Covid-19 mobility restrictions, the total figure exceeded 92 million at the yearend of 2021 and has recently soared over 100 million.

In other words, the number of the globally displaced is soon over twice as high as it was after two world wars, the Holocaust, and Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.

If that’s the outcome of “peacetime conditions,” one shudders with horror at the effect of wartime conditions in the early 21st century.

A prelude to darker futures?

In the past half decade, the costs of missed opportunities amount to trillions of dollars. Given continuing policy mistakes, worse looms ahead.

Growth scenarios that still seemed likely in early 2022 will not materialize because they were projected in fall 2021, when

– a truce subdued the US-Sino trade war;

– Ukraine’s proxy conflict had not yet erupted;

– Sanctions targeting the world’s 11th largest economy, the largest natural gas producer and third-largest oil producer, had not yet been launched; and

– The US Federal Reserve had not initiated its aggressive rate hikes and quantitative tightening, which will cause lost years in the West and lost decades in the Global South.

As long as current policies remain in place in the West, sanctions will undermine US growth, destabilize the Russian economy, penalize the fragile Euro area and slow Chinese growth — all of which will have an adverse impact on economic prospects in South and Southeast Asia.

The Global South will pay much of the bill, in economic costs and human lives.

The longer the unwarranted stagnation will prevail, the greater the likelihood that current Cold Wars will turn into Hot Wars, at the cost of future generations, even our planet.

That’s something that none of us may want. But it is the net effect of shortsighted policies in the prosperous West.

Dr. Dan Steinbock is an internationally recognized strategist of the multipolar world and the founder of Difference Group. He has served at the India, China and America Institute (US), Shanghai Institutes for International Studies (China) and the EU Center (Singapore). For more, see https:// www.differencegroup.net

The commentary is based on a section of a report that was published last week in the yearbook of the Austrian National Bank (OeNB) and the Austrian Federal Economic Chamber (WKÖ). For the full analysis, see https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361657131_Great_Powers_and_Globalization_Spotlight_on_the_United_Great_Powers_and_Globalization_Spotlight_on_the_United_States_and_China [see “More” for download] Partial, journalistic versions have been released by South China Morning Post and China-US Focus.